RESPOND & MITIGATE

BOMB THREAT STANDOFF DISTANCES


Pipe Bomb/Pressure Cooker


Mandatory Evacuation distance: 70 feet

Preferred Evacuation distance: 1,200+ feet

Severe injury/death


Person-Borne IED Suicide Vest or Briefcase

Mandatory Evacuation distance: 110 feet

Preferred Evacuation distance: 1,700 feet

Possibility of building collapse, severe injury/death


Vehicle-Borne IED (Car)


Mandatory Evacuation distance: 320 feet

Preferred Evacuation distance: 1,900 feet

Building collapse, severe injury/death

EXPLOSIVES DHS/FBI BOMB THREAT STAND-OFF CARD

THREAT EXPLOSIVES CAPACITY MANDATORY EVACUATION DISTANCE SHELTER IN PLACE ZONE PREFERRED EVACUATION DISTANCE
PIPE BOMB 5 LBS 70 FT 71-1,199 FT

+1,200 FT

pipe icon
SUICIDE BOMB 20 LBS 110 FT 111-1,699 FT

+1,700 FT

suicide vest icon
BRIEFCASE 50 LBS 150 FT 151-1,849 FT

+1,850 FT

suitcase bomb icon
CAR 500 LBS 320 FT 321-1,899 FT

+1,900 FT

car icon
SUV/VAN 1,000 LBS 400 FT 401-2,399 FT

+2,400 FT

cargo van icon
SMALL DELIVERY TRUCK 4,000 LBS 640 FT 641-3,799 FT

+3,800 FT

moving van icon
CONTAINER/WATER TRUCK 10,000 LBS

860 FT

861-5,099 FT

+5,100 FT

tanker truck icon
SEMI-TRAILER 60,000 LBS

1,570 FT

1,571-9,299 FT

+9,300 FT

semi-trailer truck icon
explosives icon

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS: LPG (BUTANE OR PROPANE)
NATIONAL GROUND INTELLIGENCE CENTER IED SAFE STANDOFF DISTANCE CHEAT SHEET

THREAT LPG MASS/
VOLUME
1
 FIREBALL
DIAMETER
2

 SAFE
DISTANCE
3
SMALL LPG TANK 20 LBS/5 GAL 9 KG/19 L 40 FT/12 M

160 FT/48 M

small lpg tank icon
LARGE LPG TANK 100 LBS/25 GAL 45 KG/95 L 69 FT/21 M

276 FT/84 M

lage lpg tank icon
COMMERCIAL/
RESIDENTIAL LPG TANK		 2,000 LBS/500 GAL
907 KG/1,893 L		 184 FT/56 M

736 FT/224 M

commerical residential lpg tank icon
SMALL LPG TRUCK 8,000 LBS/2,000 GAL
3,630 KG/7,570 L

292 FT/89 M

1,168 FT/356 M

lpg truck icon
SEMI-TANKER LPG 40,000 LBS/10,000 GAL
18,144 KG/37,850 L

499 FT/152 M

1,996 FT/608 M

semi tanker lpg icon
explosives icon
1
BASED ON THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF MATERIAL THAT COULD REASONABLY FIT INTO A CONTAINER OR VEHICLE. VARIATIONS ARE POSSIBLE.
2
ASSUMING EFFICIENT MIXING OF THE FLAMMABLE GAS WITH AMBIENT AIR.
3
DETERMINED BY US FIREFIGHTING PRACTICES WHEREIN SAFE DISTANCES ARE APPROXIMATELY FOUR TIMES THE FLAME HEIGHT. NOTE THAT AN LPG TANK FILLED WITH HIGH EXPLOSIVES WOULD REQUIRE A SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER STANDOFF DISTANCE THAN IF IT WERE FILLED WITH LPG.

MAXIMUM RADIATION DOSE LIMITS

DOSE LIMIT
1

(WHOLE BODY)		 EMERGENCY ACTION DOSE GUIDELINES ACTIVITY PERFORMED
5 R ALL ACTIVITIES
10 R PROTECTING MAJOR PROPERTY
25 R LIFESAVING OR PROTECTION OF LARGE POPULATIONS
>25 R LIFESAVING OR PROTECTION OF LARGE POPULATIONS,
ONLY BY VOLUNTEERS WHO UNDERSTAND THE RISKS.
The above chart summarizes the US Department of Health & Human Services /National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) recommended maximum dose limits.
AS LOW AS REASONABLY ACHIEVABLE (ALARA) PRINCIPLES SHOULD ALWAYS BE FOLLOWED:
A
Maximize Distance
B
Minimize Exposure Time
C
Maximize Shielding
image of a body with a colored overlay to depict exposure to radition
1
REM (ROENTGEN EQUIVALENT MAN) 1/1,000 REM = 1 MILLIREM (MREM) radioactive icon

IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE THREAT GUIDE: OXIDIZERS


WHEN COMBINED, FUELS AND OXIDIZERS CREATE EXPLOSIVES
OXIDIZERS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED
WITH OXIDIZERS		 OXIDIZER COMPOUNDS
PERCHLORATE/CIO4 POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE = KCIO4
1
CHLORATE/CIO3		 SODIUM CHLORATE = NaClO3
HYPOCHLORITE/CIO CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE = Ca(CIO)2
NITRATE/NO3 SODIUM/Na
POTASSIUM/K
BARIUM/Ba
CALCIUM/Ca
AMMONIUM/NH4
LITHIUM/Li
STRONTIUM/Sr
LEAD/Pb
SILVER/Ag
HYDROGEN/H		 AMMONIUM NITRATE = NH4NO3; POTASSIUM NITRATE = KNO3
1
PEROXIDE/O2		 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE = H2O2;
BARIUM PEROXIDE = BaO2
PERMANGANATE/MnO4 POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE = KMnO4
IODATE/IO3 LEAD IODATE=Pb(IO3)2
CHROMATE/CrO4 LITHIUM CHROMATE DIHYDRATE= Li2CrO4·2H2O
DICHROMATE/CrO7 POTASSIUM DICHROMATE = K2Cr2O7
Oxidizers serve as a source of oxygen to support a combustion-like reaction in improvised explosives.
1
CHLORATE AND PEROXIDES CAN PRODUCE VERY DANGEROUS EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES. oxidizer icon
HYDROCARBONS ENERGETIC HYDROCARBONS ELEMENTAL "HOT" FUELS
GAS
DIESEL (FO)
KEROSENE
NAPHTHA
CARBON BLACK
CHARCOAL
SUGAR
WAX/PARAFFIN
VASELINE
DEXTRIN
SHELLAC
ROSIN
SAWDUST
ALCOHOL
ETHYLENE GLYCOL 		NITROBENZENE (NB)
NITROMETHANE (NM)
NITROCELLULOSE (NC)

POWDERED METALS

ALUMINUM (Al)
MAGNESIUM (Mg)
MAGNALIUM (Mg/Al-50/50)
COPPER (Cu)
PHOSPHORUS (P)
SULFUR (S)
ANTIMONY TRISULFIDE
(Sb2S3)
oxidizer iconFuels consist of anything that can readily react with oxygen in a manner that produces heat. Elemental fuels can create very sensitive mixtures when mixed with oxidizers.
COMMON OXIDIZERS NITRATE BLENDS CHLORATE / PERCHLORATE BLENDS
SODIUM CHLORATE: NaClO3
POTASSIUM CHLORATE: KClO3
AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE: NH4ClO4
CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE: Ca(CIO)2
AMMONIUM NITRATE: NH4NO3
POTASSIUM NITRATE (SALTPETER): KNO3
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE: H2O2
BARIUM PEROXIDE: BaO2
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE: KMnO4
NITRIC ACID: HNO3

ANFO
AMMONIUM NITRATE (AN)
+ DIESEL FUEL (FO)

ANAI
AMMONIUM NITRATE (AN)
+ ALUMINUM POWDER (AL)

ANS
AMMONIUM NITRATE (AN)
+ SUGAR

ANIS
AMMONIUM NITRATE (AN)
+ ICING SUGAR

ANIS
AMMONIUM NITRATE (AN)
+ NITROMETHANE

BLACK POWDER
POTASSIUM NITRATE + CHARCOAL + SULFUR

FLASH POWDER
POTASSIUM CHLORATE/ PERCHLORATE + ALUMINUM POWDER + MAGNESIUM POWDER + SULFUR

POOR MAN’S C-4
POTASSIUM CHLORATE + VASELINE

ARMSTRONG’S MIXTURE
POTASSIUM CHLORATE + RED PHOSPHORUS

LIQUID BLEND
AHELLHOFFITE + NITRIC ACID + NITROBENZENE (NB)
oxidizer iconOxidizers can be blended with a variety of fuels to produce explosive mixtures. Listed above are numerous common examples of these blended improvised explosives.
COMMON PRECURSORS NITRATED EXPLOSIVES PEROXIDE EXPLOSIVES
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE: H2O2

STRONG ACIDS

SULFURIC “BATTERY”: H2SO4
NITRIC: HNO3
HYDROCHLORIC “MURIATIC”: HCI
UREA (FERTILIZER 46-0-0)
METHYL ETHYL KETONE (MEK)
ALCOHOL (ETHYL OR METHYL)
ETHYLENE GLYCOL (ANTIFREEZE)
GLYCERIN(E) (GLYCEROL)
HEXAMINE (CAMP STOVE TABLETS)
CITRIC ACID (SOUR SALT)

NITROGLYCERINE (NG)
GLYCERINE + NITRIC ACID + SULFURIC ACID (MIXED ACID)

ETHYLENE GLYCOL DINITRATE
ETHYLENE GLYCOL + NITRIC ACID + SULFURIC ACID (MIXED ACID)

METHYL NITRATE
METHYL ALCOHOL + NITRIC ACID + SULFURIC ACID (MIXED ACID)

UREA NITRATE
UREA + NITRIC ACID

NITROCOTTON (GUN COTTON)
COTTON + NITRIC ACID + SULFURIC ACID (MIXED ACID)

TRIACETONE TRIPEROXIDE (TATP)
ACETONE + HYDROGEN PEROXIDE + STRONG ACID

HEXAMETHYLENE TRIPEROXIDE DIAMINE (HMTD)
HEXAMINE + HYDROGEN PEROXIDE + CITRIC ACID

METHYL ETHYL KETONE PEROXIDE (MEKP)
METHYL ETHYL KETONE + HYDROGEN PEROXIDE + STRONG ACID

INITIATING EXPLOSIVES

MERCURY FULMINATE
MERCURY + NITRIC ACID
explosive iconA variety of chemical precursors can be reacted together to create explosives.
FBI Explosive Unit:

(703) 632-7626 (8:00am – 5:00pm EST)
(202) 323-3300 (after hours)

HSIN:

https://hsin.dhs.gov

LEEP (LEO):

https://cjis.gov

State Department—Passport Office:

(877) 487-2778

First responder agencies receiving citizen reports of lost or stolen passports should strongly encourage the reporting citizen to notify the US State Department of the missing passport so that the documents are not able to be used illicitly. Note that unless the State Department is notified by the person named on the passport, it will not be flagged/cancelled. The State Department will not accept third-party notifications, such as from the police agency taking the theft report.

Further information can be found at travel.state.gov.

IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS ABOUT THIS GUIDE, OR WOULD LIKE FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THE JOINT COUNTERTERRORISM ASSESSMENT TEAM (JCAT), PLEASE CONTACT JCAT@NCTC.GOV OR VISIT NCTC.GOV

NCTC.gov
DHS.gov
FBI.gov